Arthur Morris/BIRDS AS ART
March 1st, 2023

Larus Glaucescens Five Ways

What’s Up?

As far as sleeping through the great Northern Lights Display, I was not, for several reasons), bothered much at all by missing it. Based on the information that I had, I made the decision to get some needed rest. So I did. In addition, I had seen them on a bone-chilling night in Denali about 20 years ago. They were spectacular, but I had no idea about how to photograph them. My only regret was not being able to loan my new Sony 12-24mm f/2.8 lens to roommate Bob Eastman because I had left it on the boat.

The “guaranteed” 8-16-inch snowfall never materialized. It snowed overnight from Monday into Tuesday, so we had three inches of fresh snow on the ground> We did not, however, get to shoot the eagles in flight in falling snow. We did have a very nice east wind, so we made many excellent landing eagle images on Tuesday morning and stayed out for five hours. The snow acts as a giant reflector that lights up the undersides of the eagle’s wings. It snowed overnight again from Tuesday into Wednesday, so we will have more fresh snow on the ground today.

Speaking of which, today is Wednesday 1 March 2023. It looks as if we will get in another long morning sessions unless the wind picks up early. They have been predicting high winds and ten-foot seas for days now but keep pushing it back. This blog post took about 2 hours to prepare (including the time spent on the image optimizations) and makes three hundred thirty-six days in a row with a new educational post written just for you. Wherever you are and whatever you are doing, I hope that you too have a great day.

Please, please, pretty please remember to use my B&H or Bedford’s affiliate programs for all your new gear purchases. If you use B&H, please be sure to click on any B&H link in the blog to start your search. Or simply start with this link. There is always the option of e-mailing me for gear advice and for the correct links.

The plan is to continue to post every day until the streak reaches one year and one day and then begin posting every other day.

Please remember to use the B&H and Amazon links that are found on most blog pages and to use the BIRDSASART discount code at checkout when purchasing your new gear from Bedfords to get 3% back on your credit card and enjoy free second-day air FedEx. Please, also, consider joining a BAA IPT. You will be amazed at how much you will learn!

You can find some great photo accessories (and necessities, like surf booties!) on Amazon by clicking on the Stuff tab on the orange/yellow menu bar above. On a related note, it would be extremely helpful if blog-folks who, like me, spend too much money on Amazon, would get in the habit of clicking on the Amazon logo link on the right side of each blog post when they shop online. As you might expect, doing so will not cost you a single penny, but would be appreciated tremendously by yours truly. And doing so, works seamlessly with your Amazon Prime account.

Please remember that if an item — a Delkin flash card, or a tripod head — for example, that is available from B&H and/or Bedfords, is also available in the BAA Online Store, it would be great, and greatly appreciated, if you would opt to purchase from us. We will match any price. Please remember also to use my B&H affiliate links or to earn 3% cash back at Bedfords by using the BIRDSASART discount code at checkout for your major gear purchases. Doing either often earns you free guides and/or discounts. And always earns my great appreciation.

This image was created on 27 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. I used the hand held Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens with the Sony FE 1.4x Teleconverter (at 112mm) and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. The exposure was determined via Zebras. ISO 640: 1/5000 sec. at f/4 (wide open) in Manual mode. AWB at 9:37:45am on a mostly sunny morning.

Tracking: Zone AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Image #1: Glaucous-winged Gull turning in flight

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Larus glaucescens

The genus name for Glaucous-winged Gull, Larus, is from the ancient Greek laros (λάῥος) or the Latin, larus, that refers to a gull or (other large seabird). The specific epithet, glaucescens, is New Latin for “glaucous” from the Ancient Greek, glaukos, denoting the light grey color of the birds’ wings.

You will notice in all five images that the species has light grey primary tips. In many gull species, those feathers are black, and in others, like Iceland Gull (similarly named Larus glaucoides), they are white. Glaucous-winged is a large gull with bright pink feet and a red pecking spot on the distal end of the lower mandible. They are the most common Gull in Homer in winter and in much of the Pacific Northwest.

This image was created also on 27 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. Again, I used the hand held Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens with the Sony FE 1.4x Teleconverter (this one at 280mm) and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. The exposure was determined via Zebras. ISO 500: 1/6400 sec. at f/4 (wide open) in Manual mode. AWB at 10:01:26am on a mostly sunny morning.

Tracking: Expand Spot AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Image #2: Glaucous-winged Gull taking flight

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Attracting Gulls Instead of Eagles

I’ve loved photographing gulls for many decades. Way back when, I did an article for the now-defunct Birder’s World Magazine entitled Go For the Gulls. Why? Gulls are common in many parts of the country, are often used to people, and if you point a lens at them, they will often do something interesting. In addition, as most gulls have lots of white in their plumage, they are ideal subjects for those who are working on honing their exposure skills. As the whites on Glaucous-winged Gull are much brighter than the whites on the head of an adult Bald Eagle, I advise the group to shoot two clicks higher when photographing the gulls. Thus, the extremely high shutter speeds.

On Monday, after creating thousands of Bald Eagle flight images on a sunny morning in near-perfect conditions, I asked Captain Gabe if he could figure out a way to attract gulls without attiring the eagles. (With dozens of eagles around the boat, the gulls are driven off). In short order, he came up with a solution to what seemed like an impossible request.

This image was created also on 27 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. Again, I used the hand held Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens with the Sony FE 1.4x Teleconverter (this one also at 280mm) and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. The exposure was determined via Zebras. ISO 500: 1/6400 sec. at f/4 (wide open) in Manual mode. AWB at 10:03:50am on a mostly sunny morning.

Tracking: Expand Spot AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Image #3: Glaucous-winged Gull vertical flight undersides image

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Verticals from Horizontal Originals

If the birds are banking consistently, it is possible to turn your camera on end and create vertical originals. A battery grip helps with that. But if the birds are not banking consistently, the best way to go is to zoom out to avoid clipping the wings and then crop to a vertical. The banking gull in Image #3 was far enough away that I did not have to zoom out to fit it in the frame. Then, I cropped to a 3X2 vertical, easy to do with 51-millions pixels.

This image was created also on 27 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. Again, I used the hand held Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens with the Sony FE 1.4x Teleconverter (this one at 239mm) and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. The exposure was determined via Zebras. ISO 400: 1/6400 sec. at f/4 (wide open) in Manual mode. AWB at 10:21:31am on a mostly sunny morning.

Tracking: Expand Spot AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Image #4: Glaucous-winged Gull starting dive

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Working on Dark Shadows

When photographing flight on sunny days, you will often make images with ugly dark shadows, even when working right on or close to sun angle. That was the case with Image #4. I selected the nearly black shadow on the lower breast using the Quick Selection Tool, feathered it one pixel, and put it on its own layer. Then I pulled up the curve and added a Regular Layer Mask. I painted away the still-too-obvious demarcation line with a 50% opacity brush. It was still not quite perfect, so I did some Patch Tool and Clone Stamp work and wound up happy with the result. All as detailed in The BIRDS AS ART Current Workflow e-Guide (Digital Basics II). Click here and scroll down for purchasing options.

This image was created also on 27 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. I used the hand held Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens (at 200mm) and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. The exposure was determined via Zebras. ISO 400: 1/3200 sec. at f/2.8 (wide open) in Manual mode. AWB at 9:15:031am on a very cloudy morning.

Tracking: Expand Spot AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Image #5: Glaucous-winged Gull calling in flight

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Working a Subject

Note that I made hundreds of images of Glaucous-winged both in flight and on the water. I strived to create images depicting various flight poses and behaviors and still have many more good ones. Too many folks make one image of a bird, think, “I got it,” and move on to something else. Which group are you in?

Your Call

Click on each horizontal image to enlarge it and leave a comment denoting your favorite image and why you like it. And then do the same letting us know which is your least favorite image and why you did not like it. I will share my thoughts here tomorrow.

Typos

With all blog posts, feel free to e-mail or to leave a comment regarding any typos or errors.

February 28th, 2023

I Slept Through This! How Would You Have Felt?

What’s Up?

We sailed twice on Monday and enjoyed two excellent sessions and a second consecutive colorful sunset. Today is Tuesday 28 February 2023. The long-predicted heavy snowfall began at about 4:00am. We are having breakfast (again) at the Duncan House Diner in town and will be on the boat for a very long session at 8:30am. We are all looking forward to a long-anticipated and epic day. This blog post took about 2 hours to prepare (including more than 90 minutes on the image optimization) and makes three hundred thirty-five days in a row with a new educational post written just for you. Wherever you are and whatever you are doing, I hope that you too have a great day.

Please, please, pretty please remember to use my B&H or Bedford’s affiliate programs for all your new gear purchases. If you use B&H, please be sure to click on any B&H link in the blog to start your search. Or simply start with this link. There is always the option of e-mailing me for gear advice and for the correct links.

The plan is to continue to post every day until the streak reaches one year and one day and then begin posting every other day.

Please remember to use the B&H and Amazon links that are found on most blog pages and to use the BIRDSASART discount code at checkout when purchasing your new gear from Bedfords to get 3% back on your credit card and enjoy free second-day air FedEx. Please, also, consider joining a BAA IPT. You will be amazed at how much you will learn!

You can find some great photo accessories (and necessities, like surf booties!) on Amazon by clicking on the Stuff tab on the orange/yellow menu bar above. On a related note, it would be extremely helpful if blog-folks who, like me, spend too much money on Amazon, would get in the habit of clicking on the Amazon logo link on the right side of each blog post when they shop online. As you might expect, doing so will not cost you a single penny, but would be appreciated tremendously by yours truly. And doing so, works seamlessly with your Amazon Prime account.

Please remember that if an item — a Delkin flash card, or a tripod head — for example, that is available from B&H and/or Bedfords, is also available in the BAA Online Store, it would be great, and greatly appreciated, if you would opt to purchase from us. We will match any price. Please remember also to use my B&H affiliate links or to earn 3% cash back at Bedfords by using the BIRDSASART discount code at checkout for your major gear purchases. Doing either often earns you free guides and/or discounts. And always earns my great appreciation.

B&H

Many folks have written recently stating that they purchased a Sony a1 from B&H and would like their free membership in the Sony 1 Info and Updates Group, a $150.00 value. When I check my affiliate account, their orders have not been there. When I let them know that they get credit for B&H purchases only if they use one of the many B&H affiliate links on the blog or begin their searches with this link, they are always disappointed. If in doubt, please contact me via e-mail and request a BH link. I am always glad to help and to guide you to the right gear.

Bedfords Amazing BAA Discount Policy

Folks who have fallen in love with Bedfords can now use the BIRDSASART coupon code at checkout to enjoy a post-purchase, 3% off-statement credit (excluding taxes and shipping charges) on orders paid with a credit card. The 3% credit will be refunded to the card you used for your purchase. Be sure, also, to check the box for free shipping to enjoy free Second Day Air Fed-Ex. This offer does not apply to purchases of Classes, Gift Cards, prior purchases.

Visit the Bedfords website here, shoot Steve Elkins an e-mail, or text him on his cell phone at (479) 381-2592.

Money Saving Reminder

Many have learned that if you need a hot photo item that is out of stock at B&H and would like to enjoy getting 3% back on your credit card along with free 2nd Day Air Fed-Ex Air shipping, your best bet is to click here, place an order with Bedfords, and enter the coupon code BIRDSASART at checkout. If an item is out of stock, contact Steve Elkins via e-mail or on his cell phone at (479) 381-2592 (Central time). Be sure to mention the BIRDSASART coupon code and check the box for Free Shipping. That will automatically upgrade to free 2nd Day Air Fed-Ex. Steve has been great at getting folks the hot items that are out of stock at B&H and everywhere else. The waitlists at the big stores can be a year or longer for the hard-to-get items. Steve will surely get you your gear long before that. For the past year, he has been helping BAA Blog folks get their hands on items like the SONY a 1, the SONY 200-600 G OSS lens, the Canon EOS R5, the Canon RF 100-500mm lens, and the Nikon 500mm PF. Steve is personable, helpful, and eager to please.

Important Note

As an Amazon Associate, I earn a small percentage when you purchase from Amazon after using any of the Amazon links on the blog (including the logo-link on the right side of each blog post page). My affiliate link works fine with Amazon Prime and using it will not cost you a single cent. Huge thanks, BTW 🙂



Gear Questions and Advice

Too many folks attending BAA IPTs and dozens of photographers whom I see in the field and on BPN, are — out of ignorance — using the wrong gear, especially when it comes to tripods and more especially, tripod heads. And the same is true in spades when ordering new camera bodies or lenses. My advice will often save you some serious money and may help you avoid making a seriously bad choice. Please know that I am always glad to answer your gear questions via e-mail. If you are desperate, you can try me on my cell at 863-221-2372. Please leave a message and shoot me a text if I do not pick up.

This image was created on 26 February 2023 by Bob Eastman. He used the tripod/Levered-Clamp FlexShooter Pro-mounted Sony Alpha a7R IV Mirrorless Digital Camera with the Sony FE 16-35mm f/2.8 GM lens (at 16mm). The exposure was determined via Zebra technology with ISO on the thumb dial. ISO 1000. Ten seconds at f/2.8 (wide open) in Manual mode. When evaluated in RawDigger, the raw file brightness was determined to be dead-solid perfect. AWB at 10:25:16pm on a very cold clear night.

Manual focus with Focus Peaking and Bright Spot Monitoring performed perfectly. Be sure to click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Northern Lights — Homer, AK
Image courtesy of and copyright Robert Eastman
Image optimization by Arthur Morris/BIRDS AS ART

I Slept Through This! How Would You Have Felt?

According to the locals, the Northern Lights display in Homer on Sunday evening past was the largest and most intense ever. Kudos to blog-friend and first time IPT-er Bob Eastman. He had never photographed Northern Lights before, but did a bang-up job on the images. He even taped the manual focus ring after setting the focus. He had obviously done some studying beforehand. Bob said that he’d wished that he had a wider lens.” I know that he was going out to try to photograph the aurora which usually peaks at about 3:00am. My brand-new Sony 12-24mm lens was in my Think Tank bag locked up on the boat. The display began just after sunset at 7:30pm. The colors got more intense, and the lights were really dancing by 9:30. Bob was back in bed by 11:30!

The image optimization took so long as I opted to remove about one thousand lights on the headland, most in and surrounding the town of Homer.

Do note that the Levered-Clamp FlexShooter Pro has a bi-directional clamp; Bob was able to easily and securely mount his camera on the tripod by way of a Wimberley P-20 plate.

I asked Bob, “What were the most important things you learned on the first Homer IPT?” He stated, “Getting the exposure right, seeing the shot, and improving my image design and compositional skills.”

Bob, who attended the first IPT and will be joining me for the third one, has led a beyond amazing life. I will be sharing his life story and some of his eagle images in a future blog post here.

How would you have felt if you had slept through this event without even peeking out the window?

Typos

With all blog posts, feel free to e-mail or to leave a comment regarding any typos or errors.

February 27th, 2023

The Continuing Quest for New and Different

What’s Up?

Again, studying the wind and sky conditions carefully, we sailed only in the afternoon and did pretty darned well. I spent the morning helping Bear Bob and Monte with Photo Mechanic. I was glad to learn of the sale of Anthony Ardito’s Sony 600mm f/4 GM lens and the pending sale of Dennis Westover’s Sony a9 II body (about five minutes after it was listed yesterday and on the Used Gear Page).

My favorite pelican flight shot from yesterday’s blog post was #1, the flat-flying pelican with the aqua-colored breaking-wave background.

Today is Monday 27 February 2023. The forecast for this morning is for clear skies with a light northeast breeze, pretty much perfect but for the predicted low of 12° F. We will be dressed for it. We will likely do a long session in the morning and a short session at sunset. This blog post took about 90 minutes to prepare (including the time spent on the two image optimizations) and makes three hundred thirty-four days in a row with a new educational post written just for you. Wherever you are and whatever you are doing, I hope that you too have a great day.

Please, please, pretty please remember to use my B&H or Bedford’s affiliate programs for all your new gear purchases. If you use B&H, please be sure to click on any B&H link in the blog to start your search. Or simply start with this link. There is always the option of e-mailing me for gear advice and for the correct links.

The plan is to continue to post every day until the streak reaches one year and one day and then begin posting every other day.

Please remember to use the B&H and Amazon links that are found on most blog pages and to use the BIRDSASART discount code at checkout when purchasing your new gear from Bedfords to get 3% back on your credit card and enjoy free second-day air FedEx. Please, also, consider joining a BAA IPT. You will be amazed at how much you will learn!

You can find some great photo accessories (and necessities, like surf booties!) on Amazon by clicking on the Stuff tab on the orange/yellow menu bar above. On a related note, it would be extremely helpful if blog-folks who, like me, spend too much money on Amazon, would get in the habit of clicking on the Amazon logo link on the right side of each blog post when they shop online. As you might expect, doing so will not cost you a single penny, but would be appreciated tremendously by yours truly. And doing so, works seamlessly with your Amazon Prime account.

Please remember that if an item — a Delkin flash card, or a tripod head — for example, that is available from B&H and/or Bedfords, is also available in the BAA Online Store, it would be great, and greatly appreciated, if you would opt to purchase from us. We will match any price. Please remember also to use my B&H affiliate links or to earn 3% cash back at Bedfords by using the BIRDSASART discount code at checkout for your major gear purchases. Doing either often earns you free guides and/or discounts. And always earns my great appreciation.

B&H

Many folks have written recently stating that they purchased a Sony a1 from B&H and would like their free membership in the Sony 1 Info and Updates Group, a $150.00 value. When I check my affiliate account, their orders have not been there. When I let them know that they get credit for B&H purchases only if they use one of the many B&H affiliate links on the blog or begin their searches with this link, they are always disappointed. If in doubt, please contact me via e-mail and request a BH link. I am always glad to help and to guide you to the right gear.

Induro GIT 304L Tripod

Price reduced $50.00 on 16 FEB 2023

Out of production for more than two years, BAA sold its last one in December. The good news? We have two more new-in-the-box tripods. They are now available for only $649.00 (were $699.00). The 304L was my go-to tripod for more than a decade. Best to grab order yours right now by clicking here to avoid being disappointed.

Bedfords Amazing BAA Discount Policy

Folks who have fallen in love with Bedfords can now use the BIRDSASART coupon code at checkout to enjoy a post-purchase, 3% off-statement credit (excluding taxes and shipping charges) on orders paid with a credit card. The 3% credit will be refunded to the card you used for your purchase. Be sure, also, to check the box for free shipping to enjoy free Second Day Air Fed-Ex. This offer does not apply to purchases of Classes, Gift Cards, prior purchases.

Visit the Bedfords website here, shoot Steve Elkins an e-mail, or text him on his cell phone at (479) 381-2592.

Money Saving Reminder

Many have learned that if you need a hot photo item that is out of stock at B&H and would like to enjoy getting 3% back on your credit card along with free 2nd Day Air Fed-Ex Air shipping, your best bet is to click here, place an order with Bedfords, and enter the coupon code BIRDSASART at checkout. If an item is out of stock, contact Steve Elkins via e-mail or on his cell phone at (479) 381-2592 (Central time). Be sure to mention the BIRDSASART coupon code and check the box for Free Shipping. That will automatically upgrade to free 2nd Day Air Fed-Ex. Steve has been great at getting folks the hot items that are out of stock at B&H and everywhere else. The waitlists at the big stores can be a year or longer for the hard-to-get items. Steve will surely get you your gear long before that. For the past year, he has been helping BAA Blog folks get their hands on items like the SONY a 1, the SONY 200-600 G OSS lens, the Canon EOS R5, the Canon RF 100-500mm lens, and the Nikon 500mm PF. Steve is personable, helpful, and eager to please.

Important Note

As an Amazon Associate, I earn a small percentage when you purchase from Amazon after using any of the Amazon links on the blog (including the logo-link on the right side of each blog post page). My affiliate link works fine with Amazon Prime and using it will not cost you a single cent. Huge thanks, BTW 🙂



Gear Questions and Advice

Too many folks attending BAA IPTs and dozens of photographers whom I see in the field and on BPN, are — out of ignorance — using the wrong gear, especially when it comes to tripods and more especially, tripod heads. And the same is true in spades when ordering new camera bodies or lenses. My advice will often save you some serious money and may help you avoid making a seriously bad choice. Please know that I am always glad to answer your gear questions via e-mail. If you are desperate, you can try me on my cell at 863-221-2372. Please leave a message and shoot me a text if I do not pick up.

This image was created on 26 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. I used the hand held Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens with the Sony FE 1.4x Teleconverter (at 249mm) and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. The exposure was determined via Zebras. ISO 500: 1/4000 sec. at f/4 (wide open) in Manual mode. AWB at 4:59:15pm on a sunny afternoon.

Tracking: expand Spot AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Image #1: Bald Eagle striking right down the lens barrel

The Continuing Quest for Different

Whenever the wind direction is less than ideal, I let the group know to be on the lookout for banking birds and for eagles that are flying the “wrong” way, i.e., those that <em>are not flying directly into the wind (as they do most often). On the last two afternoons, with the sun in the southwest and the wind from the north, we did great with banking birds, but the birds striking the bait were most often angling slightly away from us. Whenever a bird jumped off the rock wall and headed straight at us, a bird coming from the right would almost always beat it to the bait. The key words being almost always. You had to be persistent. The bird shown in Image #1 jumped off the wall and flew directly at us, unimpeded. Bingo!

This image was created on 26 February 2023 on the second Bald Eagle Instructional Photo-Tour at Kachemak Bay, Homer, AK. Seated on frozen mud, I used the handheld Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens with the Sony FE 2x teleconverter (at 300mm), and The One, the Sony Alpha 1 Mirrorless Digital Camera.. Multi-metering +1.7 stops in S (Shutter Priority mode) at 1/2500 second with AUTO ISO: ISO 2500 at f/5.6 (wide-open). AWB at 6:24:16pm (four minutes after sunset) on a mostly clear afternoon.

Tracking: Zone AF/C with Bird-Eye/Face Detection performed perfectly. Click on the image to enjoy a high-res version.

Silhouetted adult Bald Eagle landing at me

The Continuing Quest for New and Different Situations

As I’ve said here many times, I pride myself in being able to figure out where to be when in varying weather conditions. Being able to do that is a huge key to becoming a successful bird photographer. The very best way to do that is to sign up for several IPTs.

Shooting silhouettes from the boat on breezy or windy afternoons can be challenging because the boat is always rocking. While we were in Sadie Cove shooting flight in the late afternoon, I tried and succeeded in figuring out a spot where we could shoot sunset silhouettes after landing on the beach. We got a bit lucky as the wind shifted slightly east of north. But we were in the right place at the right time, and it is a strategy that will continue to pay dividends over time.

Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II Lens

The versatility and usefulness of the Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM OSS II lens in a great variety of situations is unmatched. I went to the 2X here because I needed the extra reach at times and, shooting toward the setting sun, we had

Typos

With all blog posts, feel free to e-mail or to leave a comment regarding any typos or errors.